Cutting Beverage Container Waste, A to Z:

Deposit/Return Systems

Deposit/Return systems place a small, fully-refundable deposit (a nickel or a dime) on bottles and cans. When consumers return their empties to a redemption/recycling center, supermarket, bag drop site, or “reverse vending machine,” their deposits are refunded. For most of the 20th century, soda and beer companies voluntarily operated deposit-return systems as a fail-safe way to get their valuable glass bottles back for washing and refilling. These systems were gradually phased out as bottling and distribution became centralized in the 1960s and 1970s. As the quantity and variety of one-way beverage container sales proliferated, so did bottle and can litter.

To address the growing litter problem, in 1971, Oregon became the first U.S. state to adopt a mandatory deposit law with a nickel deposit on beer and soda. Vermont, Maine, Iowa, and Michigan followed suit in the 70’s, and Connecticut, Delaware, New York, and Massachusetts adopted deposit laws (also called “bottle bills”) from 1980-1983, followed by California in 1986. During the sixteen-year hiatus which followed, dozens of states tried to pass bottle bills but were defeated by opposition from the well-funded beverage and grocery lobbies. Finally in 2002, Hawaii became the 11th U.S. state to pass a bottle bill. In 2010, Delaware’s deposit law was repealed.
Bottle bill states have achieved an beverage container recycling rate of 74%, in contrast to the national average of only 35%, which is itself pulled up by the deposit states. The non-deposit states have an average container recycling rate of about 26%, according to the CRI’s 2021 Beverage Market Data Analysis page. Deposit-return systems are the most successful recycling programs in the country. They are proven to achieve high recycling rates at no taxpayer expense.

The political obstacles to passing more bottles are formidable, but activists and public and elected officials in at least a dozen states have introduced legislation for new deposit programs in the last few years. The beverage, retail, and waste industries oppose mandatory deposits, and have thus far shown no interest in adopting a voluntary deposit system, as in they did in the past.

Some links:

The Container Recycling Institute’s Bottle Bill Resource Guide 

CRI’s activist-oriented Bottle Bill Toolkit 

CalRecycle Beverage Container Recycling website, and Redemption Center Map

Connecticut deposit system website

Hawaii deposit system website

Iowa Recycling Association and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources

Maine deposit system website

Massachusetts deposit system website

Michigan deposit system: Frequently Asked Questions

New York deposit system website

Oregon deposit system website

Rhode Island campaign for a new deposit system

Vermont deposit system website